Background: Distal radius fracture represent approximately one-sixth of all fractures treated in emergency departments. According to high incidence rate, different mechanisms of injury and new treatments for this fracture, it is becoming one of the most challenging of all kinds of fractures.Objective: to compare treatment outcome of traditional cast immobilization versus modern percutaneous pinning procedure in patients with distal radius fractures.Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, 198 patients with "displaced but stable distal radius fracture without joint incongruity", were split into two groups and each group was treated by one of the following standard protocols: A- Closed reduction+Long arm cast; B- Closed reduction and Percutaneous pinning and Short arm cast. The patients were followed up after operation for three months from the point of view of: 1- satisfaction (based on Saito chart) 2-Loss of reduction 3- Finger stiffness 4- Pin tract infection and 5-The mean of post operation follow up visits. For statistical analysis the Fisher's exact test and chi-square test were used by SPSS software16 Results: In group A, six cases of loss of reduction were detected in the first week who were treated by re-reduction and P.C pinning procedure; But no cases of loss of reduction were diagnosed in group B. Satisfaction percentage for Excellent value was 81.8% in group A and 93.9% in group B (p=0.131). Finger stiffness incidence rate in group B was meaningfully lower than group A (p=0.039). Pin tract infection incidence rate was 15.1% in group B; all of them were treated by pin removal and oral antibiotic therapy. The mean of post operation visits was 4.4 in group B and 3.6 in group A out of five sessions (p<0.0001).Conclusion: It seems that Closed reduction and P.C pinning is a safer and less complicated procedure, especially in decreasing finger stiffness in these fractures.

Background: Supracondylar humeral fractures constitute about 60% and 13% of all pediatric elbow and pediatric skeletal fractures, respectively, with a peak incidence in the 5-7 years age group. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare Closed reduction with open reduction and pin fixation in type III supracondylar humeral fractures in children younger than 12 years. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, all children under 12 years of age with type III supracondylar humeral fractures who referred to two teaching hospitals in Mashhad, Iran, between March 2017 and March 2019 were included. Patients were divided into two groups: open reduction and fixation with pin (OR) (n= 30), and Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CR) (n=15). The method of surgery for each individual patient was chosen based on the surgeon’ s preference. For patients who had a follow-up of at least 6 months, subsequent elbow radiographs were requested. Results: No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of range of motion of the fractured limb and radiographic angles at follow-up (p > 0. 05). However, operation time was significantly shorter in the CR group compared with the OR group (p < 0. 001). Three patients (6%) had cubitus valgus (all of whom were in the OR group [10%]), and two patients (4%) had cubitus varus (one patient in the OR group [3. 33%] and the other in the CR group [5%]). Wound dehiscence was only seen in one patient in the OR group (3. 33%). Conclusion: Based on the results, there was no significant difference between the open and Closed reduction methods in type III supracondylar humeral fractures with respect to elbow function and union of the fracture.

Drought is an abiotic stress that limits global rice production. Plastic mulch is one of the ways to reduce water consumption. To evaluate the Closed water system in the pot, a study was conducted to determine the level of reduction of evapotranspiration that did not have an adverse effect on the vegetative growth of rice. Experimental treatments included: Treatment 1: 100 % control of evapotranspiration (The lid of the pot was always Closed), Treatment 2: The pot lid was Closed and the lid was left open for one hour every day. Treatment 3: The pot lid was Closed and the lid was left open for one hour every two days, Treatment 4: The pot lid was Closed and the lid was left open for one hour every three days, Treatment 5 (control): No control of evapotranspiration (pot lid was always open). Results showed that the control treatment (no control of evapotranspiration) had the lowest plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, leaf relative water content, root volume, root weight, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, and water use efficiency compared to the evapotranspiration control treatments. 100 % control of evapotranspiration had the lowest water consumption. In Closed pots, due to the high relative humidity of the air inside the pot, the tendency of water molecules to convert from liquid to vapor decreases. Overall, the results of this study showed that it is possible to plant crops such as rice in a Closed environment in terms of humidity.

Volar dislocation of the distal radio‑, ulnar joint (DRUJ) is a rare occurrence in the literature, with only a few cases reported. Dorsal dislocation is more common than a volar dislocation. It can be easily missed due to the lack of a specific clinical presentation. They can be treated by Closed reduction or more commonly by open reduction internal fixation. We present a case of volar dislocation of the DRUJ with an ulnar head fracture reduced by Closed reduction. We report the case of a right‑, handed 35‑, year‑, old patient with no medical history who presented to our emergency department after sustaining a fall on his left hand. The trauma dated of 1 day and X‑, ray was initially judged normal in the emergency department. Due to the persistence of the pain and the functional impotence, the patient presented again to our department. The investigation showed that the patient’, s hand was in a supine position when the fall occurred. On physical examination, the forearm was locked in supination, with no passive or active pronation elicited. There was a loss of the dorsal ulnar prominence with a palpable deformity on the volar aspect of the wrist. There was no skin lesion and the neurovascular status of the hand was normal. Initial radiographs were made. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the forearm and wrist showed a volar dislocation of the DRUJ with an associated ulnar head fracture. A Closed reduction attempt in the emergency department was unsuccessful. The patient was admitted and under general anesthesia, the dislocation was reduced by pronating the forearm and applying direct pressure over the distal ulna. The wrist was tested after the reduction and the DRUJ was stable. Above‑, elbow cast was applied in a pronation position for a period of 5 weeks. Upon cast removal, the result was excellent. The patient regained full range of motion of the wrist and elbow, there was no instability nor pain or tenderness. Grip force was conserved. A radiographic assessment confirmed the reduction. Volar locked dislocation of DRUJ is a rare injury. A high index of clinical suspicion and proper X‑, ray is required for prompt detection. Computed tomography scanning can be useful if the diagnosis is not certain. If the reduction of the joint is stable, there is no need for fixation. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are the keys for a good outcome.